NSW Scientific Committee - final determination
The Scientific Committee has found that:
1. Clearing of native vegetation is recognised as a major factor contributing to loss of biological diversity.
2. Land Clearance is listed as a Key Threatening Process under the Commonwealth's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act, 1999.
3. In New South Wales since 1788 at least 61% of the original native vegetation has been cleared, thinned or substantially or significantly disturbed (Environment Protection Authority 1997). The proportion of area cleared varies between region and community type (Native Vegetation Advisory Council 1999) and in some cases has exceeded 90% (for example - South East Grassy Forests - (Keith & Bedward 1999).
4. Clearing of any area of native vegetation, including areas less than 2 hectares in extent, may have significant impacts on biological diversity.
5. Some examples of the impacts of the clearing of native vegetation on biological diversity are:
Destruction of habitat results in loss of local populations of individual species
Destruction of habitat is the major cause of loss of biological diversity. For species of restricted distribution, clearing of native vegetation may result in total extinction, for more widespread species there may be loss of local genotypes.
Fragmentation
Clearing of native vegetation often results in fragmentation, the process by which initially contiguous areas of habitat are separated into a number of smaller areas. Fragmentation impacts include the creation of small isolated populations with limited gene flow between populations, leading to inbreeding depression and reduced potential to adapt to environmental change. Fragmentation also leads to the loss or severe modification of the interactions between species, including those interactions that are important for the survival of species. Small isolated populations may be subject to local extinction from stochastic events. The hostility of the surrounding (cleared) environment is a major factor in limiting movement of organisms between patches. The physical environment within patches may be altered as a result of creation of edges and anthropogenic influences.
Important variables that must be considered in assessing the impacts of fragmentation include the distance apart of the fragments, the area of the fragments and their shape. Increasing the edge/area ratio increases the impacts of edge effects such as changed microclimate and susceptibility to invasion by non-indigenous species. This response of particular species to fragmentation will be affected by the mobility of the species (both as adult and in dispersal stages) and the scale of the fragmentation relative to the environmental scale of the species habitat.
Expansion of dryland salinity
The evidence of a relationship between the clearing of native vegetation and dryland salinity is substantial. There is evidence that increases in land salinisation can be attributed to rising groundwater consequent on clearing of native vegetation. There is evidence of a relationship between increases in stream salinity and the proportion of catchments cleared.
Riparian zone degradation
Riparian zones and the organisms inhabiting them have been substantially altered as a result of clearing of native vegetation. Clearing of native riparian vegetation has led to bank erosion, reduced nutrient filtering capacity and changes to stream behaviour. Aquatic communities throughout catchments and in coastal waters have been impacted by sedimentation and other changes following clearing of native vegetation.
Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Clearing of native vegetation results in emissions of greenhouse gases, both from burning of cleared vegetation and from the loss of soil organic matter. Agricultural practices after clearing may further contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
Increased habitat for invasive species
The creation of increased edge habitat and disturbed habitat may permit the establishment and spread of exotic species which may displace native species. A number of native species may also have increased as a result of clearing of native vegetation (for example noisy miner).
Loss of leaf litter layer
Clearing of leaf litter and fallen logs, often associated with clearing and/or burning of the understorey for clearing, removes habitat for a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates which live in the leaf litter and in the fallen logs - including reptiles, small mammals, invertebrates, for example, spiders, molluscs, millipedes, ants etc. These impacts may affect ecological functioning. Loss of the leaf litter also exposes bare soil which will be susceptible to soil erosion and drying, and hence affects the soil biota, and may make sites more vulnerable to weed invasion.
Loss or disruption of ecological function
Survival of ecological communities relies on the maintenance of ecological processes and interactions. Loss of habitat and fragmentation may disrupt these processes. For example, small fragments may not be large enough to support viable populations of pollinators or seed dispersers so that reproduction of plant species will be impaired.
Disruption of ecological processes may continue long after initial clearing of native vegetation has occurred, with consequent continued decline in biological diversity. In cleared and/or fragmented landscapes there may be an extinction debt, whereby, as a consequence of reduction in population size and disturbance to population structure, future local population extinction is inevitable.
Changes to soil biota
Clearing of native vegetation and its replacement by pasture or crops, and the subsequent management of these agricultural systems, may be accompanied by changes to the soil biota, both through the introduction of exotic species and declines in native species.
6. Examples of activities or developments which may result in the clearing of native vegetation include inter alia:
- Conversion of native vegetation to crops, improved pasture or plantations
- Urban development.
- Development for industry and/or infrastructure (for example quarries, mines, factory sites, dams, roads, railways, power lines)
- Removal of understorey e.g. along roadsides or at picnic areas and "cleaning up" of native vegetation. (removal of one stratum may result in the loss or long-term modification of the structure of the native vegetation and also composition and function).
7. Clearing has been identified as a threat to a number of species, communities and populations listed under the Threatened Species Conservation Act (Appendix 1) and could cause species, populations or ecological communities that are not threatened to become threatened (Appendix 2). The determination applies to clearing as a process, regardless of the species, populations and ecological communities affected in a particular instance.
8. In view of the above the Scientific Committee is of the opinion that 'Clearing of native vegetation' adversely affects two or more threatened species, populations or ecological communities and could cause species, populations or ecological communities that are not threatened to become threatened.
Definitions
Clearing
Clearing is defined as the destruction of a sufficient proportion of one or more strata (layers) within a stand or stands of native vegetation so as to result in the loss, or long-term modification, of the structure, composition and ecological function of stand or stands. The definition of clearing does not preclude management activities to control exotic species, or Australian species growing outside their natural geographic range.
Destruction
Destruction may include physical removal by cutting, underscrubbing, bulldozing etc., or processes which leave a proportion of one or more strata on site in a dead or dying state [for example ringbarking, poisoning or herbicide spraying (except where specifically targeted at weed control) or modification of abiotic conditions].
Ecological function
Ecological function encompasses the ecological processes/interactions that occur within an ecological community.
Ecological function includes:
- Provision of habitat for native biota
- Provision of food and other resources for native biota
- Maintenance of interactions between species (e.g. pollination, dispersal, mutualism, competition)
- Nutrient cycling and filtering and retention of nutrients
- Carbon storage
- Maintenance of soil processes
- Maintenance of catchment scale hydrological and geochemical processes
- Maintenance of landscape scale ecological processes
Some of the processes and interactions within ecological communities may depend upon the presence of leaf litter and fallen or standing dead trees.
Long-term modification of native vegetation
Long-term modification of native vegetation is the alteration of the composition, structure or ecological function of an ecological community such that recovery by natural means will take periods of time from decades to centuries (depending on the plant community concerned) or will require substantial management intervention.
Selective removal or alteration of one or more strata - for example removal and replacement of the understorey or removal of the canopy which can result in alteration of composition, structure and ecological function of the plant community may constitute long-term modification.
Loss of native vegetation
Loss of native vegetation is the removal of native vegetation by direct or indirect actions.
Loss of all strata may occur when native vegetation is replaced by infrastructure (for example, buildings or roads) or by the removal of pre-existing native vegetation and its replacement by species not previously present.
Native Vegetation
Native vegetation is made up of plant communities, comprising primarily indigenous species, the composition and structure of which reflects the interactions between plant species, between plants and fauna and with the environment. Native vegetation includes canopy trees (where present), understorey, ground cover and below ground biomass (roots, bulbs and the seed bank).
For the purposes of this Determination native vegetation does not include marine vegetation within the meaning of the Fisheries Management Act.
Introduced species may be prominent in many plant communities, but defining an arbitrary proportion of non-indigenous species, measured at a single point in time, as setting a limit between native and non-native vegetation is inappropriate. For example, at some sites, in 'good' seasons, there can be a very large cover of annual weeds in the ground cover, but at other times, these weeds may provide little or no cover.
If the composition has been altered (as a result of invasion by species outside their natural distributional range or the selective removal of species) or the structure modified, the vegetation is still native vegetation if the ecological functions of the unmodified plant communities are maintained and if composition and structure could be substantially restored in the short term through management intervention. Regrowth and newly colonising stands of indigenous species are native vegetation.
Native vegetation is dynamic and subject to change, either endogenous as in some successions, or in response to external factors - such as seasonal variation, longer-term changes in climate (drought-wet cycles) or disturbances such as fire or storm.
Plant Community
A plant community is an assemblage of plant species occupying a particular area.
The composition of a plant community is the assemblage of plant species that occur in the community.
Plant communities are dynamic and subject to change, either endogenous as in some successions, or in response to external factors - such as seasonal variation, longer-term changes in climate (drought-wet cycles) or disturbances such as fire or storm.
Stand
A group of co-occurring plants being an observable feature in the landscape, stands may be of different size depending on the types of plants concerned, the availability of habitat and post clearing. A lichen or bryophyte mat on a rock covering a few tens of square centimetres may constitute a stand, as may a forest covering hundreds of hectares.
Stratum (plural strata)
A more or less distinct layer within a stand of vegetation - for example ground layer, understorey, canopy, emergents. Some types of vegetation have a more complex structure and more strata than others. For example a rainforest compared with a grassland.
Structure
The structure of a plant community is the three dimensional distribution of biomass within the community. Structure can be described in terms of more or less distinct layers (strata) - for example ground layer, understorey, canopy, emergents, and the spacing of plants (for example where trees are present, forest is distinguished from woodland by the canopies of the trees in a forest being closer together than those in a woodland).
Proposed Gazettal date: 21/09/01
Exhibition period: 21/09/01 - 26/10/01
References:
Environment Protection Authority (1997). New South Wales, State of the Environment. Chatswood, N.S.W : New South Wales Environment Protection Authority.
Keith, D. and Bedward, M. (1999). Native vegetation of the South East Forests Region, Eden, New South Wales. Cunninghamia 6, 1-218.
Native Vegetation Advisory Council (1999). 'Setting the Scene. The Native Vegetation of NSW'. (Department of Land and Water Conservation: Sydney.)
Bibliography
The literature on clearing and/or fragmentation of native vegetation is very extensive. This bibliography is not intended as an exhaustive guide to the subject but documents references consulted by members of the Scientific Committee in their deliberations on the issue.
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APPENDIX 1
Threatened species, populations and ecological communities adversely affected by this threatening process.
This list is provided to substantiate that the key threatening process satisfies section 15(a) of the Threatened Species Conservation Act. The determination applies to clearing of native vegetation as a process, regardless of the species, populations and communities affected in a particular instance.
Vertebrates
Mammals
Aepyprymnus rufescens - Rufous Bettong
Cercartetus concinnus - Western Pygmy Possum
Cercartetus nanus - Eastern Pygmy-possum
Chalinolobus dwyeri - Large-eared Pied Bat
Chalinolobus picatus - Little Pied Bat
Dasyurus maculatus - Spotted-tailed Quoll
Isoodon obesulus - Southern Brown Bandicoot
Lasiorhinus latifrons - Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat
Macropus dorsalis - Black-striped Wallaby
Ningaui yvonneae - Southern Ningaui
Nyctophilus timoriensis - Greater Long-eared Bat
Petaurus australis - Yellow-bellied Glider
Petaurus norfolcensis - Squirrel Glider
Phascogale tapoatafa - Brush-tailed Phascogale
Phascolarctos cinereus - Koala
Pseudomys apodemoides - Silky Mouse
Pseudomys bolami - Bolam's Mouse
Pseudomys pilligaensis - Pilliga Mouse
Pteropus poliocephalus - Grey-headed Flying-fox
Saccolaimus flaviventris - Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat
Scoteanax rueppellii - Greater Broad-nosed Bat
Vespadelus baverstocki - Inland Forest Bat
Reptiles
Anomalopus mackayi - Five-clawed Worm-skink
Aprasia inaurita - Mallee Worm Lizard
Aprasia parapulchella - Pink-tailed Legless Lizard
Cyclodomorphus melanops subsp. elongata - Gunther's Skink
Delma impar - Striped Legless Lizard
Echiopsis curta - Bardick
Hoplocephalus bitorquatus - Pale-headed Snake
Hoplocephalus bungaroides - Broad-headed Snake
Suta flagellum - Little Whip Snake
Tiliqua occipitalis - Western Blue-tongued Lizard
Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla - Southeastern Lined Earless Dragon
Underwoodisaurus sphyrurus - Border Thick-tailed Gecko
Amphibians
Litoria aurea - Green and Golden Bell Frog
Litoria castanea - Yellow-spotted Tree Frog
Litoria littlejohni - Littlejohn's Tree-Frog
Litoria raniformis - Southern Bell Frog
Birds
Amytornis striatus - Striated Grasswren
Amytornis textilis - Thick-billed Grasswren
Ardeotis australis - Australian bustard
Botaurus poiciloptilus - Australasian Bittern
Burhinus grallarius - Bush Stone-curlew
Cacatua leadbeateri - Major Mitchell's Cockatoo
Calyptorhynchus banksii - Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo
Calyptorhynchus lathami - Glossy Black Cockatoo
Certhionyx variegatus - Pied Honeyeater
Charadrius mongolus - Lesser Sand-plover
Cinclosoma castanotus - Chestnut Quail-thrush
Dasyornis brachyptera - Eastern Bristlebird
Drymodes brunnepygia - Southern Scrub-robin
Erythrotriorchis radiatus - Red Goshawk
Falco hypoleucos - Grey Falcon
Geophaps scripta - Squatter Pigeon
Glossopsitta porphyrocephala - Purple-crowned Lorikeet
Grantiella picta - Painted Honeyeater
Hamirostra melanosternon - Black-breasted Buzzard
Hylacola cauta - Shy Heathwren
Ixobrychus flavicollis - Black Bittern
Lathamus discolor - Swift Parrot
Leipoa ocellata - Malleefowl
Lichenostomus cratitius - Purple-gaped Honeyeater
Lichenostomus fasciogularis - Mangrove Honeyeater
Lophoictinia isura - Square-tailed Kite
Manorina melanotis - Black-eared Miner
Monarcha leucotis - White eared Monarch
Neophema chrysogaster - Orange-bellied Parrot
Neophema pulchella - Turquoise Parrot
Neophema splendida - Scarlet-chested Parrot
Nettapus coromandelianus - Cotton Pygmy-goose
Ninox connivens - Barking Owl
Ninox strenua - Powerful Owl
Oxyura australis - Blue-billed Duck
Pachycephala inornata - Gilbert's Whistler
Pachycephala rufogularis - Red-lored Whistler
Pandion haliaetus - Osprey
Petroica rodinogaster - Pink Robin
Pezoporus wallicus - Ground Parrot
Podargus ocellatus - Marbled Frogmouth
Polytelis anthopeplus - Regent Parrot
Polytelis swainsonii - Superb Parrot
Pomatostomus halli - Hall's Babbler
Psittaculirostris diophthalma coxeni - Double-eyed Fig Parrot
Ptilinopus magnificus - Wompoo Fruit-Dove
Ptilinopus regina - Rose-crowned Fruit dove
Ptilinopus superbus - Superb Fruit-dove
Sericornis brunneus - Redthroat
Stictonetta naevosa - Freckled Duck
Todiramphus chloris - Collared Kingfisher
Turnix melanogaster - Black-breasted Button-quail
Tyto capensis - Grass Owl
Tyto novaehollandiae - Masked Owl
Tyto tenebricosa - Sooty Owl
Xanthomyza phrygia - Regent Honeyeater
Invertebrates
Gastropods
Meridolum corneovirens - a large land snail
Thersites mitchellae - a land snail
Insects
Paralucia spinifera - Bathurst Copper Butterfly
Synemon plana - the Golden Sun Moth
Nurus atlas - a carab beetle
Nurus brevis - a carab beetle
Plants
Acacia acanthoclada
Acacia atrox ms
Acacia bynoeana
Acacia courtii
Acacia gordonii
Acacia pubescens
Acacia ruppii
Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis
Acronychia littoralis
Alexfloydia repens
Allocasuarina defungens
Allocasuarina glareicola
Almaleea cambagei
Amyema scandens
Ancistrachne maidenii
Angophora inopina
Austromyrtus fragrantissima
Austrostipa metatoris
Boronia repanda
Boronia ruppi
Bothriochloa biloba
Brachycome muelleroides
Brachycome papillosa
Caladenia concolor
Callistemon linearifolius
Callitris oblonga
Choricarpia subargentea
Corchorus cunninghamii
Cratystylis conocephala
Cryptocarya foetida
Cryptostylis hunteriana
Cynanchum elegans
Darwinia biflora
Davidsonia pruriens var. jerseyana
Davidsonia sp. A Mullumbimby
Digitaria porrecta
Dillwynia glaucula
Dillwynia tenuifolia
Diospyros mabacea
Diploglottis campbellii
Diuris arenaria
Diuris disposita
Diuris pedunculata
Diuris sp. aff. chrysantha (Byron Bay)
Drynaria rigidula
Elaeocarpus sp. Rocky Creek
Eleocharis tetraquetra
Endiandra hayesii
Endiandra muelleri subsp. bracteata
Epacris purpurascens var. purpurascens
Eriocaulon carsonii
Eucalyptus approximans
Eucalyptus camfieldii
Eucalyptus camphora subsp. relicta
Eucalyptus magnificata
Eucalyptus mckieana
Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens
Eucalyptus pulverulenta
Eucalyptus rubida subsp. barbigerorum
Eucalyptus sp. Cattai
Floydia praealta
Fontainea oraria
Genoplesium plumosum
Genoplesium rhyoliticum
Grammitis stenophylla
Grevillea beadleana
Grevillea caleyi
Grevillea hilliana
Grevillea juniperina subsp. juniperina
Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora
Grevillea parviflora subsp. supplicans
Grevillea scortechinii subsp. sarmentosa
Grevillea wilkinsonii
Irenepharsus trypherus
Isoglossa eranthemoides
Kunzea rupestris
Lasiopetalum behrii
Lasiopetalum joyceae
Lepiderema pulchella
Lepidium aschersonii
Lepidium hyssopifolium
Lepidium monoplocoides
Leptospermum thompsonii
Leucopogon fletcheri subsp. fletcheri
Lindsaea fraseri
Lindsaea incisa
Macadamia tetraphylla
Marsdenia longiloba
Melaleuca biconvexa
Melaleuca deanei
Melaleuca tamariscina subsp. irbyana
Melichrus hirsutus
Melichrus sp. Gibberagee
Micromyrtus grandis
Ochrosia moorei
Olax angulata
Olearia flocktoniae
Owenia cepiodora
Persicaria elatior
Persoonia bargoensis
Persoonia hirsuta
Persoonia mollis subsp. maxima
Persoonia nutans
Persoonia pauciflora
Phaius australis
Phaius tankervilliae
Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora
Prasophyllum affine
Prasophyllum petilum
Prostanthera askania
Prostanthera junonis
Psoralea parva
Pterostylis gibbosa
Pterostylis saxicola
Pultenaea parviflora
Pultenaea pedunculata
Quassia sp. Mooney Creek
Randia moorei
Rapanea sp. A Richmond River
Rulingia procumbens
Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides
Sarcochilus weinthalii
Senecio garlandii
Senna acclinis
Sophora tomentosa
Styphelia perileuca
Swainsona murrayana
Swainsona recta
Swainsona sericea
Syzygium hodgkinsoniae
Syzygium moorei
Tasmannia glaucifolia
Tasmannia purpurascens
Tetratheca juncea
Thesium australe
Triplarina nowraensis
Tylophora woollsii
Zieria baeuerlenii
Zieria floydii
Zieria granulata
Populations
Vertebrates
Adelotus brevis - Tusked frog population in the Nandewar and New England Tablelands Bioregion
Callocephalon fimbriatum - Gang-gang Cockatoo population in the Hornsby and Ku-ring-gai Local Government Areas
Calyptorhynchus lathami - Glossy Black-Cockatoo, Riverina population
Eudyptula minor - Little Penguin in the Manly Point Area
Petrogale penicillata - Brush tailed Rock Wallaby, Warrumbungles population
Petaurus norfolcensis - Squirrel Glider in the Wagga Wagga Local Government Area
Petaurus norfolcensis - Squirrel Glider on Barrenjoey Peninsula, north of Bushrangers Hill
Phascolarctos cinereus - Koala, Hawks Nest and Tea Gardens population
Phascolarctos cinereus - Koala in the Pittwater Local Government Area
Menippus fugitivus - Menippus fugitivus population in the Sutherland Shire
Plants
Acacia prominens - Gosford Wattle, Hurstville and Kogarah Local Government Areas
Cryptandra longistaminea - Cryptandra longistaminea in the vicinity of Ellandgrove Road, South Grafton
Darwinia fascicularis subsp. oligantha - Darwinia fascicularis subsp. oligantha population in the Baulkham Hills and Hornsby Local Government Areas
Dillwynia tenuifolia - Dillwynia tenuifolia, Kemps Creek
Glycine clandestina (broad leaf form)- Glycine clandestina (broad leaf form) population in the Nambucca Local Government Area
Hibbertia incana - Hibbertia incana in the Local Government Area of Baulkham Hills
Keraudrenia corrolata var. denticulata - Keraudrenia corrolata var. denticulata in the Hawkesbury Local Government Area
Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea - Lespedeza juncea subsp. sericea population in the Wollongong Local Government Area
Pomaderris prunifolia - Pomaderris prunifolia in the Parramatta, Auburn, Strathfield and Bankstown Local Government Areas
Wahlenbergia multicaulis - Tadgell's Bluebell in the Local Government Areas of Auburn, Bankstown, Strathfield and Canterbury
Ecological Communities
Acacia loderi Shrublands
Agnes Banks Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Blue Gum High Forest
Blue Mountains Shale Cap Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Byron Bay Dwarf Graminoid Clay Heath Community
Cadellia pentastylis (Ooline) community in the Nandewar and Brigalow Belt South IBRA Regions
Carbeen Open Forest community in the Darling Riverine Plains and Brigalow Belt South Bioregions
Castlereagh Swamp Woodland Community
Cooks River Clay Plain Scrub Forest
Cumberland Plain Woodland
Duffys Forest vegetation community
Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub
Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest
Howell Shrublands in the Northern Tablelands and Nandewar Bioregions
Illawarra Lowlands Grassy Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Kurnell Dune Forest in the Sutherland Shire and City of Rockdale
Lowland Rainforest on Floodplain in the New South Wales North Coast Bioregion
Low Woodland with Heathland on Indurated Sand at Norah Head
Mc Kies Stringybark/Blackbutt Open Forest in the Nandewar and New England Bioregions
Mount Gibraltar Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
O'Hares Creek Shale Forest
Pittwater Spotted Gum Forest
Robertson Basalt Tall Open-forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Robertson Rainforest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Semi-evergreen Vine Thicket in the Brigalow Belt South and Nandewar Bioregions
Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest
Southern Highlands Shale Woodlands in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Sutherland Shire Littoral Rainforest
Sydney Coastal Estuary Swamp Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Sydney Coastal River-flat Forest
Sydney Freshwater Wetlands in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest
Western Sydney Dry Rainforest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
This list (Appendix 1) was compiled from a number of sources including the following:
Anonymous (1997) State-wide Conservation Status of Threatened Species in NSW. NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.
Ayers, D., Nash, S. & Baggett, K. (1996) Threatened species of western NSW. NSW NPWS.
Benson, J. (1991) Species Recovery Plan for Grevillea beadleana. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 155.
Benson, J. (1993) The biology and management of Ooline (Cadellia pentastylis) in NSW. Species management report number 2. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Benwell, A.S. (1992) Species Recovery Plan for Allocasuarina defungens. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 155.
Benwell, A.S. (1994) Recovery Plan for Swamp Orchids Phaius australis, Phaius tancarvilliae. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project No. 371.
Briggs, J. D. & Leigh J. H. (1990) Delineation of Important Habitats of Threatened Plant Species in South-eastern NSW. Australian Heritage Commission Report.
Cohn, J. (1993) Conservation Research Statement and Recovery Plans (Research & Management) for Kunzea rupestris Blakely. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 251.
Ecotone Ecological Consultants (1998) The RARE plant species Persoonia pauciflora - Branxton Rd, North Rothbury.Elks, G., Brown, D. & Cotsell, N. (1999) Eleocharis tetraquetra Nees. Recovery Plan. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
ESP Ecological Surveys & Planning (1998) . Hornsby Shire Threatened Biota Management Plan. Unpublished consultancy report.
Griffith, S.J. (1992) Species Recovery Plan for Thesium australe. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 196.
Griffith, S.J. (1992) Species Recovery Plan for Olearia flocktoniae Maiden & Betche. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 155.
Halford, D. (1995) Conservation Statement and Draft Recovery Plan for Corchorus cunninghamii F. Muell. (Tiliaceae). Queensland Herbarium report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project No. 515.
Halford, D. (1995) Digitaria porrecta S.T. Blake (Poaceae) A Conservation Statement. Queensland Herbarium report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project No. 482.
Hunter, J., Jay, A., Nicholson, N. & H., and Horton, S. (undated) Species Recovery Plan for Acronychia littoralis (Hartley and Williams). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 155.
Hunter, J., Jay, A., Nicholson, N. & H., and Horton, S. (undated) Species Recovery Plan for Diploglottis campbellii (Cheel). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 155.
Hunter, J., Jay, A., Nicholson, N. & H., and Horton, S. (undated) Species Recovery Plan for Fontainea oraria (Jessup and Guymer). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Program Project No. 155.
Matthes, M & Nash, S. (1993) Conservation Research Statement and Species Recovery Plan for Cynanchum elegans. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project No. 311.
Mills, K. & Jakeman, J. (1993) Survey of the rare plant species Zieria granulata, Illawarra Region NSW. Kiama Council.
Murray, A.S. (1995) Draft Species Recovery Plan for Red-fruited Ebony Diospyros mabacea (F. Muell.) F. Muell. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project.
Nash, S. & Matthes, M. (1995) Progress Report for Persoonia nutans and Allocasuarina portuensis. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project No. 503.
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (1999) Draft Prostanthera junonis Recovery Plan. NSW NPWS, Hurstville.
NSW Scientific Committee Determinations.
Peacock, R. J. (1996) ROTAP Species of the Walcha/Nundle and Styx River Management Areas. State Forests, Northern Region.
Quality Environmental Management Pty Limited (1994) Conservation Research Statement and Species Recovery Plan for Pterostylis gibbosa. Report prepared to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program Project No. 250.
Quinn, F. C., Williams, J. B., Gross, C. L. & Bruhl, J. J. (1995) Report on Rare and Threatened Plants of North-eastern NSW. Confidential report.
Scott, J., Marshall, A. & Auld, T.D. (1995) Conservation Research Statement and Recovery Plan for Grevillea caleyi. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program. Endangered Species Project No. 456.
Sheringham, P. & Westaway, J. (1995) Significant Vascular Plants of Upper North-eastern NSW. NSW NPWS.
Swainsona recta Recovery Team (1994) Draft Recovery Plan for Swainsona recta A.T. Lee (Small Purple Pea) NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program.
Whelan, R.J. & Leonard, G. (1994) Conservation Research Statement and Research Plan for Zieria "baeuerlenii" ms. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency Endangered Species Program.
Winning, G. (Shortland Wetlands Centre) (1992) Conservation status of rare plants in the Lake Macquarie area. Report for Lake Macquarie City Council.
Zich, F.A. (1992) Draft Conservation Research Statement and Research Plan for Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides F. Muell. (Button wrinklewort).
APPENDIX 2
Species, populations and ecological communities that could become threatened by this threatening process
This list is provided to substantiate that the key threatening process satisfies section 15(b) of the Threatened Species Conservation Act. The determination applies to clearing of native vegetation as a process, regardless of the species, populations and communities affected in a particular instance.
The species listed in the Appendix or populations of these species could become threatened by this threatening process.
Vertebrates
Mammals
Acrobates pygmaeus - Feathertail Glider
Antechinus flavipes - Yellow-footed Antechinus
Antechinus swainsonii - Dusky Antechinus
Isoodon macrourus - Northern Brown Bandicoot
Perameles nasuta - Long-nosed Bandicoot
Petaurus breviceps - Sugar Glider
Pseudocheirus peregrinus - Common Ringtail Possum
Pseudomys novaehollandiae - New Holland Mouse
Pteropus scapulatus - Little Red Flying-fox
Rattus fuscipes - Bush Rat
Rattus lutreolus - Swamp Rat
Trichosurus caninus - Mountain Brushtail Possum
Trichosurus vulpecula - Common Brushtail Possum
Wallabia bicolor - Swamp Wallaby
Reptiles
Ctenophorus fordi
Ctenotus brachyonyx
Ctenotus ingrami
Morethia obscura
Proablepharus kinghorni
Delma australis
Gehyra dubia
Oedura monolis
Morelia spilota variegata
Birds
Climacteris picumnus victoriae - Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies)
Melanodryas cucullata cucullata - Hooded Robin (south-eastern form)
Melithreptus gularis - Black-chinned Honeyeater
Neophema bourkii - Bourke's Parrot
Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis - Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies)
Pyrrholaemus sagittata - Speckled Warbler
Stagonopleura guttata - Diamond Firetail
Strepera versicolor melanoptera - Black-winged Currawong
Invertebrates
Insects
Aryreus hyberius inconstans
Cooraboorama canberrae
Cressida cressida
Keyacris scurra
Laxabilla smaragdina
Lestis spp. (carpenter bees)
Ocbadistes knightorium
Ornithoptera richmondia
Perunga ochracea
Telicota eurychlora
Tomoceridae spp.
Xanthorhoini (some species)
Plants
Acacia fulva
Acianthus amplexicaulis
Amphibromus pithogastrus
Boronia fraseri
Boronia serrulata
Brasenia schreberi
Callistemon shiressii
Discaria pubescens
Eucalyptus luehmanniana
Eucalyptus michaeliana
Euphrasia ciliolata
Grevillea granulifera
Grevillea longifolia
Hibbertia nitida
Lomandra brevis
Tetratheca neglecta
Typhonium eliosurum
Ecological Communities
Grassy Woodland Communities
Riparian Communities
This list (Appendix 2) was compiled from a number of sources including the following:
Anonymous (1997) State-wide Conservation Status of Threatened Species in NSW. NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.
Auld, T.D. & Scott, J. (1997) Conservation of endangered plants in urban fire-prone habitats. In 'Proceedings - Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats Conference, Coeur D'Alene, Idaho, USA'. (Ed. J.M. Greenlee), pp. 163-171. (International Association of Wildland Fire: USA.)
Ayers, D., Nash, S. & Baggett, K. (1996) Threatened species of western NSW. NSW NPWS.
Briggs, J. D. & Leigh J. H. (1990) Delineation of Important Habitats of Threatened Plant Species in South-eastern NSW. Australian Heritage Commission.
ESP Ecological Surveys & Planning (1998) . Hornsby Shire Threatened Biota Management Plan. Unpublished consultancy report.
Maryott-Brown, K. & Wilks, D. (1993) Rare and Endangered Plants of Yengo National Park and adjacent areas. NSW NPWS.
Peacock, R. J. (1996) ROTAP Species of the Walcha/Nundle and Styx River Management Areas. State Forests, Northern Region.
Quinn, F. C., Williams, J. B., Gross, C. L. & Bruhl, J. J. (1995) Report on Rare and Threatened Plants of North-eastern NSW. Confidential report.
Sheringham, P. & Westaway, J. (1995) Significant Vascular Plants of Upper North-eastern NSW. NSW NPWS.
Thomas, J. & Benson D. H. (1985) Vegetation Survey of Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. RBG, Sydney.
Urban Bushland Biological diversity Survey (1997) Native Flora in Western Sydney. NSW NPWS.