Environment and Heritage

Invasion and establishment of exotic vines and scramblers - key threatening process listing

The Scientific Committee, established by the Threatened Species Conservation Act, has made a Final Determination to list Invasion and establishment of exotic vines and scramblers as a KEY THREATENING PROCESS in Schedule 3 of the Act. Listing of key threatening processes is provided for by Part 2 of the Act.

NSW Scientific Committee - final determination

The Scientific Committee has found:

1. A large number of exotic vines and scramblers have become established in New South Wales. This includes:

Abrus precatorius Crabs-eye Creeper
Acetosa sagittata Potato Vine
Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine
Araujia sericifera
Aristolochia elegans Dutchman's Pipe
Aristrolochia littoralis Dutchman's Pipe
Asparagus aethiopicus Ground Asparagus
Asparagus africanus Asparagus Fern
Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper
Asparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus
Asparagus scandens Climbing Asparagus
Asystasia gangetica var . micrantha
Caesalpinia decapetala Mysore Thorn
Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon Vine
Clematis vitalba Old Man's Beard
Delairea odorata Cape Ivy
Dioscorea bulbifera Aerial Yam
Dipogon lignosus
Hedera helix English Ivy
Ipomoea alba Moon Flower
Ipomoea cairica Coastal Morning Glory
Ipomoea indica Morning Glory
Ipomoea purpurea Morning Glory
Lathyrus tingitanus
Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle
Macfadyena unguis-cati Cat's Claw
Passiflora suberosa Corky Passion Flower
Passiflora subpeltata Passion Flower
Passiflora toriminiana
Puearia lobata Kudzu
Senecio angulatus
Senecio macroglossus
Solanum jasminoides Potato Vine
Solanum seaforthianum Climbing Nightshade
Sollya heterophylla
Thunbergia alata Black-eyed Susan
Thunbergia grandiflora Blue Trumpet Vine
Tradescantia fluminensis
Vinca major Periwinkle

The majority of these species were originally introduced for horticultural purposes and have escaped from cultivation. Other horticultural vines may currently be environmental weeds at particular locations and other species currently in cultivation may become weeds in the future.

2. A number of exotic vines and scramblers are currently recognised as significant environmental weeds in particular regions (e.g. The NSW North Coast Weeds Advisory Committee, undated). Exotic vines and scramblers are widespread, and locally abundant, in the eastern part of NSW.

3. Exotic vines and scramblers may act as transformer species (Richardson et al. 2000), altering the nature of the environment where they become dominant. Rainforests are susceptible to invasion by exotic vines particularly after canopy disturbance (Floyd 1989). Exotic vines and scramblers may smother existing vegetation, both in the ground layer and canopy (e.g. Groves and Willis 1999, Greenberg  et al. 2001, Kriticos  et al. 2003, Timmins and Reid 2000). This alters the light climate in the invaded community and may suppress regeneration of native species. The sheer weight of exotic vines may cause breakage of branches in the canopy, and in some cases total canopy collapse (Harden and Fox 1988, Harden  et al. 2004). Some species form dense ground cover carpets that suppress native species (for example  Tradescantia fluminensis and  Vinca major). In sclerophyll communities, exotic vines and scramblers are more mesic than the native species, and may change the nature of the fuel and thus alter fire behaviour and regime. Invasion by exotic vines and scramblers can also alter other biotic aspects of communities such as the abundance and diversity of plant-dwelling invertebrates (Ernst and Cappuccino 2005). Dense smothering blankets or thickets of exotic vines and scramblers may also restrict movement of some native fauna and adversely affect their ability to access water or other resources (while sometimes favouring other fauna by providing protective shelter and/or food). Exotic vines and scramblers such as  Asparagus spp. form masses of tuberous roots that may alter the biota of the soil and litter, changing rates of litter decomposition and nutrient cycling and compete for water and mineral nutrients with other plant species (Raymond 1996, Groves and Willis 1999, Timmins and Reid 2000, Willis  et al. 2003). They may also create a humid microclimate at ground or lower trunk level, favouring pathogenic attack and altering soil moisture and nutrient fluxes. Riparian vegetation is particularly prone to infestation by vines such Cat's claw,  Macfadyena unguis-cati due to high water and nutrient availability.

4. Many exotic vines and scramblers reproduce prolifically and are well adapted to spread both from asexually produced vegetative propagules (for example Anredera cordifolia) and by seed. Species that produce fleshy fruit may have their seeds dispersed by birds, for example  Asparagus spp. (Stansbury 2001) and  Solanum spp.

5. The following threatened species and communities may be affected by Invasion and establishment of exotic vines and scramblers:

Endangered species

Acronychia littoralis
Daphnandra sp 'C' Illawarra
Davidsonia jerseyana
Davidsonia johnsonii
Diploglottis campbelli
Endiandra floydii
Epacris hamiltonii
Fontainea oraria
Gossia (Austromytrus) fragrantissima
Irenepharsus trypherus
Isoglossa eranthemoides
Pimelea spicata
Rapanea sp. A Richmond River
 
Turnix melanogaster Black-breasted button quail

Vulnerable species

Acacia pubescens
Desmodium acanthocladum
Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia
Tinospora tinosporides
Kerivoula paupuensis Golden-tipped bat
Potorous tridactylus Long-nosed potoroo

Endangered ecological communities

Coastal Saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions
Cumberland Plain Woodland
Elderslie Banksia Scrub Forest
Hunter Lowland Redgum Forest in the Sydney Basin and NSW North Coast Bioregions
Illawarra Lowlands Grassy Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Illawarra Subtropical Rainforest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Littoral Rainforest in the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
Lowland Rainforest on Floodplain in the NSW North Coast Bioregion
Milton Ulladulla Subtropical Rainforest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Moist Shale Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Mount Gibraltar Forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Pittwater Spotted Gum Forest
Robertson Basalt Tall Open-forest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion
Shale-sandstone Transition Forest
Subtropical Coastal Floodplain Forest of the NSW North Coast Bioregion
Swamp Oak Floodplain Forest of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions
Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions
Western Sydney Dry Rainforest in the Sydney Basin Bioregion

6. Bioclimatic modelling suggests that some tropical species of exotic vines and scramblers, such as Cryptostegia grandiflora, may become invasive in northern NSW as a result of climate change (Kriticos  et al. 2003). Anthropogenic climate change is listed as a Key Threatening Process under the  Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

7. Invasion and establishment of exotic vines and scramblers is eligible to be listed as a key threatening process as, in the opinion of the Scientific Committee it adversely affects threatened species, populations or ecological communities, or could cause species, populations or ecological communities that are not threatened to become threatened.

Associate Professor Lesley Hughes
Chairperson
Scientific Committee

Proposed Gazettal date: 21/04/06
Exhibition period: 21/04/06 - 16/06/06

References: 

Ernst CM, Cappuccino N (2005) The effect of an invasive alien vine, Vincetoxicum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae), on arthropod populations in Ontario old fields.  Biological Invasions 7, 417-425.

Floyd AG (1989) The vine weeds of coastal rainforests. In 'Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Noxious Plants Conference'. pp 1109-115. (New South Wales Department of Agriculture and Fisheries: Sydney).

Greenberg CH, Smith LM, Levey DJ (2001) Fruit fate, seed germination and growth of an invasive vine - an experimental test of 'sit and wait' strategy. Biological Invasions 3, 363-372.

Groves RH, Willis AJ (1999) Environmental weeds and loss of native plant biodiversity: some Australian examples. Australian Journal of Environmental Management 6, 164-171.

Harden GJ, Fox MD (1988) Wingham Brush regeneration assessment. Report 9. (Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney)

Harden GJ, Fox MD, Fox BJ (2004) Monitoring and assessment of restoration of a rainforest remnant at Wingham Brush, NSW. Austral Ecology, 29, 489-507.

Kriticos DJ, Sutherst RW, Brown JR, Adkins SW, Maywald GF (2003) Climate change and biotic invasions: a case history of a tropical woody vine. Biological Invasions 5, 145-165.

Raymond KL (1996) Geophytes as weeds: bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides) as a case study. In 'Proceedings of the Eleventh Australian Weeds Conference'. (Ed. RCH Shepherd) pp 420-423. (Weed Science Society of Victoria: Frankston).

Richardson DM, Pyusek P, Rejmànek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD, West CJ (2000) Naturalisation and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6, 93-107.

Stansbury CD (2001) Dispersal of the environmental weed Bridal creeper, Asparagusasparagoides by Silvereyes,  Zosterops lateralis in south-western Australia.  Emu 101, 39-45.

The NSW North Coast Weeds Advisory Committee undated Bushland Friendly Nursery Scheme. BFNS Environmental weeds and native alternatives Taree to Tweed. A guide to identification, control and replacement. NSW North Coast Weeds Advisory Committee.

Timmins SM, Reid V (2000) Climbing asparagus, Asparagus scandens Thunb.:A South African in your forest patch.  Austral Ecology 25, 533-538.

Willis AJ, McKay R, Vranjic JA, Kilby MJ, Groves RH (2003) Comparative seed ecology of the endangered shrub, Pimelea spicata and a threatening weed, Bridal Creeper: smoke, heat and other fire-related germination cues.  Ecological Management and Restoration 4, 55-65.

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