Measuring restoration outcomes in Kosciuszko National Park

A crucial yet low-cost set of indicators are guiding restoration activities in Kosciuszko National Park.

Two scientists on rock surrounded by bush using equipment to assess ecological indicators in the field

Measuring whether restoration efforts have been successful can be complex.

Our scientists have developed a special set of indicators to help understand whether a rehabilitated ecosystem is healthy and resilient. These indicators are enabling us to look beyond how a site appears on the surface and understand how ecosystems function above- and below-ground.

The challenge

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) undertook an ambitious project to restore disturbed sites at the former Snowy Hydro sites in Kosciuszko National Park. NPWS wanted to understand whether the restoration work done at these sites would lead to long-term recovery.

The main challenge was to work out how to measure and quantify ecosystem health and resilience.

Person with hat on standing next to tree holding white tape around trunk at breast height to measure diameter

In 2018 our scientists began work with NPWS to develop a research program to track ecosystem recovery.

We consulted with park managers to understand what restoration success meant and looked like to them.

In 2019 and 2021, we collaborated with researchers from the University of Western Sydney, University of New England, Queensland University of Technology and the NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water’s Soil and Water Monitoring Laboratory to measure and collect samples for potential ecosystem indicators. The indicators ranged from soil carbon and microorganisms to plant diversity and new seedlings.

A paired-site approach was used to compare rehabilitated Snowy Hydro sites with adjacent undisturbed areas.

We started with a list of 58 indicators and discovered that 4 could provide an accurate estimate of ecosystem recovery at a reasonable cost.

These crucial 4 indicators were:

  • soil biology – total bacterial biomass
  • soil organic carbon – the amount of resistant organic carbon in the soil, such as charcoal, relative to the amount of more readily available carbon such as organic matter from plants
  • leaf and bark litter
  • diversity of plant species – shrub richness.

The cheapest and simplest indicator was the percentage of ground cover with leaf and bark litter. This project delivered a scientifically rigorous, evidence-based approach to track the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts and support management decisions in Kosciuszko National Park.

Research into how ecological restoration is tracking will continue in Kosciuszko National Park to monitor long-term ecosystem health.

Our scientists also support Honours and PhD students who will continue research into litter decomposition, species changes over time and adapting restoration practices for a changing climate.

We plan to build on what we have learned and expand this research to test whether the same indicators can be used to measure ecosystem recovery across a range of ecosystems.