The Bushfire-affected Waterways Study is helping us better understand the impacts of fires on our rivers, creeks and wetlands.
The 2019–20 bushfire season was extreme and severely affected ecosystems across New South Wales. Following several years of drought over much of the state, over 5.3 million hectares burnt between July 2019 and March 2020.
The recovery effort after the 2019–20 bushfires has been hampered by:
This project aims to build resilience in aquatic systems to help them cope with disturbances like fire and flood.
To do this we’re developing research-informed management tools for use by land and water managers. The tools will help prioritise where management strategies can be put in place to improve the resilience of waterways.
Bushfires impact waterways in different ways. For example, water quality can decline immediately after a fire, whereas erosion and sediment slugs (large amounts of sediment that slowly move downstream in a waterway) may occur well after a fire has moved through the landscape.
We’re assessing the impacts of bushfire on:
The outcomes of this work will inform the development of the management tools and decision-support datasets. For example, the development of broad-scale maps to help identify areas of a catchment that are more vulnerable to severe erosion and debris flows after fire.
A better understanding of the relative vulnerability or resilience of different waterways to the impacts of fire will enable more targeted management strategies to be used with maximum environmental benefit.
The effects bushfires have on aquatic ecosystems can occur over long timeframes.
Our water quality monitoring buoys collect data on water quality which is helping us assess the ecological health of estuaries, including the long-term impacts of bushfire.
The 6 estuaries we are monitoring are intermittently closed and open lakes and lagoons, or ICOLLs. They all have relatively deep basins and their catchments were extensively burnt in the 2019–20 black summer, except for Avoca Lake.
This monitoring work will help us work out whether ICOLLs are more susceptible to increases in ash, sediment and nutrient input from bushfires because they are not flushed by seawater as often as some other estuaries.
Early results indicate that these ICOLLs are naturally prone to stratification – the distribution of water into different layers.
Stratification particularly occurs in deeper estuaries where oxygen-depleted, nutrient-rich bottom water persists for most of the time. When water in these deeper ICOLLs ‘turns-over’, or becomes mixed due to flooding or sharp temperature changes, this can stir up nutrients and trigger large algal blooms.
Work is continuing to establish to what extent post-fire sediment and nutrients exacerbate these processes, and perhaps contribute to ongoing water quality issues.
See our Real-time water quality monitoring webpage for more information on the buoys, including real-time data links.
Bushfires play a fundamental role in shaping many Australian landscapes. They can also have significant impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, particularly when there is an increase in sediment, nutrients, and contaminants entering waterways from fire-impacted areas.
Below is a conceptual model of bushfire impacts on estuarine receiving environments. This model explains the connectivity between catchments and waterways, and how the potential effects of bushfires on water quality and aquatic ecosystems.
An assessment of water quality data collected before, during, and after the 2019-2020 bushfires is underway by the Department of Planning and Environment’s Estuaries and Catchments Team. Below are some key findings emerging from this assessment.
The data collected in estuaries before, during, and after the 2019-20 Black Summer bushfires along the NSW South Coast has provided valuable insights into the short, medium, and long-term water quality impacts. Early findings suggest that water quality changes observed in intermittently closed and open lakes and lagoons (ICOLLs) are more pronounced compared to open estuaries like rivers. This is attributed to the relatively higher rate and amount of water exchanged with the ocean in open estuaries. ICOLLs will still exchange water with the ocean, and their entrances stay open for the longest when they open naturally rather than when artificially opened.
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These datasets are available on our Sharing and Enabling Environmental Data (SEED) portal:
